Heliocentrism or the ripple effect

A blog post from Helena Wee on research for her new animation:

The industrial revolution is just one chapter in the history of science and technology. Many theories have fallen out of favour to be replaced by new ones. The solar system did not always have eight planets revolving around the Sun. Early versions had the Earth at the centre with the Sun and planets circling it. Pluto lost its planetary status and was relegated to the Kuiper belt in 2006.

Here are some different versions of the solar system:

Planetary configuration for 18 March 816 (Sun and Moon and observations for the other five planets):

Ibn al-Shatir’s model for the appearances of Mercury:

Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi depicting an epicyclic planetary model:

Icelandic geocentrism:

Ptolemaic geocentric cartographer Bartolomeu Velho:

Andreas Cellarius (1660), heliocentric: